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Research on Nanotechnology Coating of Chinese Tool Coating Materials
With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology and coating techniques, nano-tool coating materials have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers. Two primary types of nano-coatings are widely studied: nano-multilayer structures and nano-composite structures. Nano-multilayer coatings typically consist of multiple alternating layers, each with a thickness of less than 5 to 15 nm. These layers often include materials with similar atomic radii and lattice structures, leading to the formation of a new coating that exhibits properties significantly different from those of its individual components. This structure is essentially an artificial one-dimensional periodic system, where layers are deposited alternately.
Chu and Barnett proposed that the high hardness of nano-multilayer coatings mainly stems from the difficulty in moving interlayer dislocations. When the coating becomes very thin, the shear modulus between adjacent layers can differ, and if the energy required for dislocation movement across the interface is high, the motion of these dislocations is restricted. As a result, the dislocation mobility directly affects the hardness of the superlattice coating.
The nano-multilayer structure can be formed in three main ways: (1) alternating layers of metal nitride and AlN; (2) alternating layers of AlN and AlCN; and (3) alternating layers of metal nitride compounds with both AlN and AlCN. In addition, other metals such as titanium, tantalum, niobium, vanadium, zirconium, or chromium may be incorporated during the deposition process to further enhance the coating's hardness, chemical stability, toughness, and oxidation resistance.
Research on TiN/AlN nano-multilayer coatings has shown that when the layer thickness is between 2 and 4 nm, AlN adopts a cubic NaCl structure. The resulting coating achieves a microhardness of 30–40 GPa and an oxidation temperature of up to 1000°C. Coatings deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) show excellent hardness, adhesion, and wear resistance. These properties make nano-multilayer coatings highly promising for use in cutting tools, mechanical components, and other high-performance applications.