Pump basic knowledge introduction

Pump model interpretation: For example, 40LG12-15. Here, 40 refers to the inlet and outlet diameter in millimeters, LG stands for a high-rise building water pump (high-speed version). The number 12 represents the flow rate in cubic meters per hour (m³/h), and 15 indicates the single-stage head in meters (m).

Another example is 200QJ20-108/8. In this case, 200 is the frame size, QJ stands for submersible pump, 20 is the flow rate (20 m³/h), 108 is the head (108 meters), and 8 refers to the series number.

The basic components of a pump include the motor, coupling, pump body, and base (horizontal). The main parameters of a pump are flow (Q) and head (H). Flow is measured in m³/h or liters per second (L/s), while head is measured in meters (m).

For clean water pumps, the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is an important parameter, especially for suction-type water supply systems. For submersible pumps, the rated current (A) is crucial, particularly when used in frequency-controlled water supply systems.

The key motor parameters include power (in kW), speed (in revolutions per minute, r/min), rated voltage (in volts, V), and rated current (in amperes, A).

What is flow? What symbol is used? What are the units of measurement? How do you convert them? And how to convert to weight and the formula?

A: Flow is the volume of liquid discharged by the pump per unit time, denoted as Q. Common units include m³/h, L/s, and l/s. Conversion factors: 1 L/s = 3.6 m³/h, 1 m³/min = 60 L/min. To convert flow to weight, use the formula G = Q × ρ, where G is the weight, Q is the flow rate, and ρ is the density of the liquid.

Example: A pump with a flow rate of 50 m³/h. If the specific gravity of water is 1000 kg/m³, what is the weight per hour?

Solution: G = Q × ρ = 50 × 1000 = 50,000 kg/h = 50 tons/hour.

What is head? What symbol is used? What are the units of measurement? How to convert pressure and the formula?

A: Head is the energy gained by the liquid per unit weight, represented as H, measured in meters (m). Pressure is denoted as P, usually in MPa. The relationship between head and pressure is H = P / ρ. For instance, if P is 1 kg/cm², then H = 10 m. Also, 1 MPa = 10 kg/cm². The head can be calculated as H = (P₂ - P₁) / ρ, where P₂ is the outlet pressure and P₁ is the inlet pressure.

What is pump efficiency? What is the formula?

A: Efficiency is the ratio of effective power to shaft power, η = Pe / P. Effective power is calculated as Pe = ρgQH (in watts) or Pe = γQH / 1000 (in kilowatts). Here, ρ is the liquid density, g is gravitational acceleration, and γ is the specific weight of the liquid.

What are rated flow, rated speed, and rated head?

A: These are the performance parameters set during pump design to achieve optimal operation. They are typically found in product catalogs. For example, a pump with a flow rate of 12.5 m³/h, head of 20 m, and speed of 2900 rpm would have these as its rated values.

What is NPSH? What is suction lift? What are their units and symbols?

A: NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) is the excess energy available at the pump inlet above the vapor pressure of the liquid. It is measured in meters and denoted as (NPSH)r. Suction lift (Δh) is the maximum height the pump can draw liquid from, also measured in meters. The formula is Δh = standard atmospheric pressure (10.33 m) - NPSH - safety margin (0.5 m). For example, if NPSH is 4.0 m, Δh = 10.33 - 4.0 - 0.5 = 5.83 m.

What is the pump characteristic curve? What does it include? What is its purpose?

A: A pump characteristic curve shows the relationship between performance parameters like flow (Q), head (H), power (N), and efficiency (η). It helps determine the operating conditions of the pump at any given flow rate. The most efficient point on the curve is called the best efficiency point (BEP), which is usually close to the rated condition. Understanding these curves is essential for selecting the right pump and ensuring optimal performance.

What is a full-performance test bench for pumps?

A: A full-performance test bench is a specialized setup used to accurately measure all pump performance parameters using precision instruments. It meets national B-level accuracy standards. Flow is measured with a precision worm gear flowmeter, head with a precision pressure gauge, suction with a vacuum gauge, power with a torque meter, and speed with a tachometer. Efficiency is calculated using the formula η = (P × Q × 10²) / 1000.

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